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Īccording to Cormac Herley, a Microsoft researcher, 'By sending an email that repels all but the most gullible, the scammer gets the most promising marks to self-select.' Nevertheless, Nigeria has earned a reputation for being at the center of email scammers, and the number 419 refers to the article of the Nigerian Criminal Code (part of Chapter 38: 'Obtaining property by false pretenses Cheating') dealing with fraud. Within the European Union, there is a high incidence of advance-fee fraud in the Netherlands and Spain. For example, in 2007, the head of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission stated that scam emails more frequently originated in African countries or in Eastern Europe. Nigeria is most often the nation referred to in these scams, they may originate in other nations as well.

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The spread of e-mail and email harvesting software significantly lowered the cost of sending scam letters by using the Internet in lieu of international post. Yet other variants have involved mention of a Nigerian prince or other member of a royal family seeking to transfer large sums of money out of the country-thus, these scams are sometimes called 'Nigerian Prince emails'. To get the process started, the scammer asked for a few sheets of the company's letterhead, bank account numbers, and other personal information. In exchange for transferring the funds out of Nigeria, the recipient would keep 30% of the total. He said he wanted to transfer $20 million to the recipient's bank account-money that was budgeted but was never spent. Other official-looking letters were sent from a writer who said he was a director of the state-owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. It then asked what to do with profits from a $24.6 million investment and ended with a telephone number. One of these, sent via postal mail, was addressed to a woman's husband to inquire about his health. There are many variants of the template letter. The modern day transnational scam can be traced back to Germany in 1922 and became popular during the 1980s. 1830, appears very similar to emails today: 'Sir, you will doubtlessly be astonished to be receiving a letter from a person unknown to you, who is about to ask a favour from you.' and goes on to talk of a casket containing 16,000 francs in gold and the diamonds of a late marchioness. Another variant of the scam, dating back to ca. One variant of the scam may date back to the 18th or 19th century, as a very similar letter, entitled 'The Letter from Jerusalem.' This is illustrated in the memoirs of Eugène François Vidocq, a former French criminal and private investigator. In exchange for assistance, the scammer promised to share money with the victim in exchange for a small amount of money to bribe prison guards. In that con, businessmen were contacted by an individual allegedly trying to smuggle someone who is connected to a wealthy family out of a prison in Spain. The modern scam is similar to the Spanish Prisoner scam that dates back to the late 18th century.

4.2.5 Telecommunications relay services.Other nations known to have a high incidence of advance-fee fraud include: Ivory Coast, Togo, South Africa, the Netherlands, Spain, Poland and Jamaica. While Nigeria is most often the nation referred to in these scams, they mainly originate in other nations. Other variations include the Spanish Prisoner scam and the black money scam. The scam has been used with fax and traditional mail and is now prevalent in online communications like emails. The number '419' refers to the section of the Nigerian Criminal Code dealing with fraud and the charges and penalties for such offenders. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) states that 'An advance fee scheme occurs when the victim pays money to someone in anticipation of receiving something of greater value - such as a loan, contract, investment, or gift - and then receives little or nothing in return.' There are many variations of this type of scam, including the Nigerian Prince Scam, also known as a 419 scam.

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If a victim makes the payment, the fraudster either invents a series of further fees for the victim to pay or simply disappears. The scam typically involves promising the victim a significant share of a large sum of money, in return for a small up-front payment, which the fraudster claims will be used to obtain the large sum. An advance-fee scam is a form of fraud and is one of the most common types of confidence tricks.